AQA GCSE Geography · 3.2.2

Global development

50 revision questions with answers for 3.2.2 Global development in AQA GCSE Geography (spec 8035). Practise with flashcards, a topic quiz, a random quiz across the course, 5 crosswords, or read every question and answer below. Not official AQA material.

All 50 questions and answers

Question 1 · Spec 3.2.2
What is a high income country (HIC)?
Answer:
A country with a high average income per person and a high standard of living, such as the UK, USA, Japan and Germany. Most people work in services.
Question 2 · Spec 3.2.2
What is a low income country (LIC)?
Answer:
A country with a low average income per person and a low standard of living, such as Afghanistan, Niger and Ethiopia. Many people work in farming.
Question 3 · Spec 3.2.2
What is a newly emerging economy (NEE)?
Answer:
A country with rapid economic growth and industrialisation, rising incomes and a growing middle class, such as China, India, Brazil and Nigeria.
Question 4 · Spec 3.2.2
What other terms are used to classify the world by development?
Answer:
Developed and developing countries, Global North and South, the Brandt Line (an imaginary line separating richer north from poorer south) and the World Bank's income groups.
Question 5 · Spec 3.2.2
What is GNI per head?
Answer:
Gross national income per head: the total income of a country's residents divided by its population, usually in US dollars. It is the main economic measure of development.
Question 6 · Spec 3.2.2
What do birth rate and death rate show about development?
Answer:
Birth rate is births per 1,000 people per year and death rate is deaths per 1,000. High birth and death rates are typical of poorer countries, while low rates occur in richer ones.
Question 7 · Spec 3.2.2
What is infant mortality?
Answer:
The number of babies who die before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births. It reflects health care, nutrition, sanitation and education, and is high in LICs.
Question 8 · Spec 3.2.2
What does life expectancy show?
Answer:
The average number of years a person is expected to live. It is higher in countries with good health care, food, water and living conditions.
Question 9 · Spec 3.2.2
What does the number of people per doctor show?
Answer:
The availability of health care. In HICs there are few people per doctor, while in many LICs there may be thousands per doctor.
Question 10 · Spec 3.2.2
What does the literacy rate show?
Answer:
The percentage of adults who can read and write. It reflects access to schooling and is often lower in LICs, especially for girls.
Question 11 · Spec 3.2.2
Why is access to safe water used as a measure of development?
Answer:
Clean water prevents disease and reflects investment in infrastructure. The percentage of people with access is lower in poorer countries.
Question 12 · Spec 3.2.2
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?
Answer:
A composite measure from 0 to 1 combining life expectancy, education (years of schooling) and income (GNI per head). Higher values mean greater development.
Question 13 · Spec 3.2.2
What is a limitation of using GNI per head?
Answer:
It is an average and does not show how wealth is shared, and it ignores unpaid work, the informal economy and the cost of living.
Question 14 · Spec 3.2.2
Why can averages hide differences within a country?
Answer:
Wealth, health and education can vary widely between rich and poor, urban and rural, and men and women, so a country's average may not reflect everyone.
Question 15 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the limitations of the HDI?
Answer:
It leaves out inequality, freedom, safety, the environment and cultural factors, and only uses three indicators.
Question 16 · Spec 3.2.2
What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?
Answer:
A model showing how birth rates, death rates and total population change over time as a country develops, in five stages.
Question 17 · Spec 3.2.2
Describe Stage 1 of the DTM.
Answer:
High birth rate and high death rate, so a small, slowly changing population. It is rare today, but occurred in the UK before the Industrial Revolution.
Question 18 · Spec 3.2.2
Describe Stage 2 of the DTM.
Answer:
Death rate falls because of better food, water and medicine, but birth rate stays high, so the population grows rapidly. LICs such as Niger and Afghanistan are in this stage.
Question 19 · Spec 3.2.2
Describe Stage 3 of the DTM.
Answer:
Birth rate falls because of contraception, education and urbanisation, while death rate remains low. Growth slows. Many NEEs such as India and Brazil are in or near this stage.
Question 20 · Spec 3.2.2
Describe Stages 4 and 5 of the DTM.
Answer:
Stage 4: low birth rate and low death rate, with a stable population (e.g. UK). Stage 5: birth rate falls below death rate and the population declines (e.g. Japan, Germany).
Question 21 · Spec 3.2.2
How does the DTM link to level of development?
Answer:
Countries move through the stages as they develop. Early stages match low-income countries, later stages match richer countries with better health, education and technology.
Question 22 · Spec 3.2.2
What physical factors cause uneven development?
Answer:
Harsh climate, natural hazards, lack of natural resources, poor soils, landlocked location and tropical disease such as malaria hinder development.
Question 23 · Spec 3.2.2
What economic factors cause uneven development?
Answer:
Reliance on cheap primary products, unfair trade, lack of investment, poor infrastructure, debt and low skills keep incomes low.
Question 24 · Spec 3.2.2
What historical factors cause uneven development?
Answer:
Colonialism took resources and set up trade that benefited colonial powers, and slavery, wars and arbitrary borders left lasting damage.
Question 25 · Spec 3.2.2
How did colonialism affect development?
Answer:
Colonies were used to supply raw materials cheaply, with little industry or education developed, and borders drawn by colonial powers still cause conflict.
Question 26 · Spec 3.2.2
How does debt hold back development?
Answer:
Governments spend large sums on interest and repayments, leaving less for health, education and infrastructure.
Question 27 · Spec 3.2.2
How does dependence on primary products hold back development?
Answer:
Countries relying on raw materials like coffee or copper face low and unstable prices, whereas manufactured goods earn much more.
Question 28 · Spec 3.2.2
How do conflict and corruption affect development?
Answer:
War destroys infrastructure and drives people away, and corruption wastes money meant for services and discourages investment.
Question 29 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the consequences of uneven development for wealth?
Answer:
Large gaps in income between and within countries, with poorer countries having less money for services and investment.
Question 30 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the consequences of uneven development for health?
Answer:
Lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, more disease and malnutrition, and fewer doctors and hospitals in poorer places.
Question 31 · Spec 3.2.2
How does uneven development cause international migration?
Answer:
People move from poorer countries (push: poverty, conflict) to richer ones (pull: jobs, safety, services), which can cause pressure at borders.
Question 32 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the effects of migration on source and destination countries?
Answer:
Source countries may lose skilled workers (brain drain) but gain remittances. Destination countries gain workers and cultural diversity but may face pressure on housing and services.
Question 33 · Spec 3.2.2
Give an overview of strategies to reduce the development gap.
Answer:
Investment, industrial development and tourism, aid, intermediate technology, fairtrade, debt relief and microfinance loans.
Question 34 · Spec 3.2.2
How can investment reduce the development gap?
Answer:
Foreign direct investment from TNCs builds factories, creating jobs, skills and infrastructure, but profits may leave the country.
Question 35 · Spec 3.2.2
How can industrial development reduce the development gap?
Answer:
Moving from primary products to manufacturing creates jobs and higher incomes and increases tax revenue, though there may be environmental costs.
Question 36 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the main types of aid?
Answer:
Bilateral (country to country), multilateral (via organisations such as the UN or World Bank), and voluntary (from NGOs and charities). Aid can be emergency, long-term or tied.
Question 37 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the problems with aid?
Answer:
It may be tied to conditions, can create dependency, may be wasted through corruption, and might not reach the poorest people.
Question 38 · Spec 3.2.2
What is intermediate (appropriate) technology?
Answer:
Simple, low-cost technology suited to local needs and skills, such as hand pumps and solar cookers. It is easy to maintain and builds local control.
Question 39 · Spec 3.2.2
How does fairtrade reduce the development gap?
Answer:
Farmers receive a guaranteed minimum price and extra money for community projects, giving more stable incomes, though it covers a limited range of products.
Question 40 · Spec 3.2.2
How does debt relief help development?
Answer:
Cancelling or reducing debts frees government money to spend on health, education and infrastructure instead of interest payments.
Question 41 · Spec 3.2.2
What is microfinance?
Answer:
Small loans to poor people, often women, to start or grow small businesses, e.g. through Grameen Bank. It helps families raise income and is usually repaid.
Question 42 · Spec 3.2.2
How can tourism reduce the development gap?
Answer:
It brings foreign currency, jobs, infrastructure and demand for local goods, helping to spread wealth if managed well.
Question 43 · Spec 3.2.2
Jamaica: why is it a popular tourist destination?
Answer:
A Caribbean island with warm sunny weather, beaches such as Negril, coral reefs, rainforest, music and culture, and well-developed resorts at Montego Bay and Ocho Rios.
Question 44 · Spec 3.2.2
How important is tourism to Jamaica's economy?
Answer:
In 2019 about 4.3 million visitors (2.7 million stopover, 1.6 million cruise) spent roughly US$3.6 billion, making tourism one of the biggest earners of foreign currency.
Question 45 · Spec 3.2.2
What economic benefits does tourism bring Jamaica?
Answer:
Foreign exchange, tax income and jobs. Tourism directly employs around 120,000 people and supports farmers, craft sellers, taxi drivers and other businesses through the multiplier effect.
Question 46 · Spec 3.2.2
What social benefits does tourism bring Jamaica?
Answer:
Improved roads, airports and utilities, training and education for workers, and higher incomes that can pay for health care and schooling.
Question 47 · Spec 3.2.2
What problems does tourism cause in Jamaica?
Answer:
Profits from foreign-owned all-inclusive resorts leave the country (leakage), jobs are seasonal and low paid, and coral reefs and beaches are damaged by waste and development.
Question 48 · Spec 3.2.2
Why is tourism in Jamaica vulnerable?
Answer:
It depends on visitors from abroad, so hurricanes, economic downturns and crises such as COVID-19 sharply reduce income and jobs.
Question 49 · Spec 3.2.2
How does tourism in Jamaica help to reduce the development gap?
Answer:
Income and jobs raise GNI and living standards, fund services and infrastructure, and spread money into local communities, narrowing the gap with richer countries.
Question 50 · Spec 3.2.2
How can tourism in an LIC or NEE be made more sustainable?
Answer:
Support locally owned hotels and tours, train and employ local people, protect reefs and beaches, and limit leakage so more money stays in the community.

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